Will One Beer A Day Kill Testosterone
What to keep off your plate to keep your T high.
Does your libido lag these days? Are you unable to find the strength to get up in the morning and build out a great day ahead? Can't focus on your job or initiate some quality time with friends or family? There's a very good chance you're experiencing symptoms of low testosterone, also known as "Low T."
And you're not alone.
Wondering why your testosterone may be off? Sure, life's day-to-day stress could be a factor. Or perhaps the problem lies with what you're eating. You may be consuming what can best be described as testosterone killing foods.
According to a 2020 study,[1] men who followed a "Western" diet of red meat, fried foods, high fat, and processed snacks over a nine-year period experienced the most adverse impact on their testosterone and sperm count. In fact, they registered sperm counts up to 42 million lower than those who followed a more prudent diet of fish, chicken, vegetables, fruit and water.
Which types of foods, specifically, can be classified as testosterone killing foods? We know of 10 that may send your T levels plunging.
What Foods Kill Testosterone?
1. Soy
Yes, it's true that soy products like edamame, tofu, soy milk, tempeh and soy protein powder provide nutritional benefits. They're high in fiber and protein, as well as cholesterol- and lactose-free. Such benefits don't suggest that you could be ingesting a testosterone killing food, yet debate within the medical community wages on.
Soy generally contains a large volume of phytoestrogen isoflavones, estrogen-like compounds found in plants. These phytoestrogens can trigger estrogen receptors in your body, but they can also decrease the activity of your androgen receptors, which your testosterone binds itself to. If it can't bind to those receptors, then your testosterone can't perform as it should — and therefore, neither can you.
Despite numerous studies, the jury's still out on soy, and the results are mixed. According to a 2013 study,[2] researchers found that men drinking 20 grams of soy protein isolate per day over a two-week span showed lower T levels than those that drank whey protein isolate or a placebo. Meanwhile, a 2010 meta-analysis[3] uncovered no adverse effects on male hormones.
Until there's definitive research, if you're already concerned about your hormone levels, it's probably best to consider soy as a potential testosterone killer and just limit the intake.
2. Dairy
Think twice before you help yourself to that cheese platter or tall glass of whole milk. Several studies indicate that dairy products can kill your testosterone levels. Pregnant female cows are the primary source of milk that's produced and sold commercially, and their milk is filled with estrogens and progesterone. Those hormones adversely affect testosterone by suppressing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which men need for the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH). When they're not released, your testes can't synthesize testosterone.
A 2010 analysis[4] supports the adverse relationship between dairy products and men's hormones. It's also worth noting that 98 percent of soybean meal is used for animal feed, so chances are that estrogen levels in cows' milk are even further bolstered. If you really crave milk, go with low fat or skim, and make sure it's fortified with Vitamin D, which is good for your testosterone.
3. Alcohol
An occasional drink won't necessarily give your hormones a hangover. However, if you like to frequently imbibe beer, spirits or wine, your testosterone could plummet.
There's extensive research that too much alcohol impedes the functionality of your hypothalamus, pituitary gland and testes.[5] Like with dairy, the hypothalamus can't release GnRH, the pituitary gland can't release FSH and LH, and your testes can't produce testosterone. In short, if you're continually overserved, your hormones become underserved. Even worse, they pay for it all.
A recent report[6] detailed a study in which healthy male volunteers received ethanol — grain alcohol — equal to a pint of whiskey per day. Those volunteers' T levels began dropping after three days; after 30 days, their significantly deficient testosterone levels closely resembled those measured in alcoholic males.
Besides being a testosterone killer, overconsumption of alcohol can be bad for your body in so many other ways, including your liver, kidneys and heart. Moderation is key, so please drink responsibly.
4. Baked goods
Who doesn't love a good cookie or loaf of bread, especially straight out of the oven? Sadly, many baked goods are high in trans-unsaturated fatty acids — aka trans fat — which are heavily associated with causing T levels to decline. According to a 2017 study,[7] the subjects who ingested foods rich in trans fat showed testosterone levels 15 percent lower than those with the lowest intake.
It's not just the trans fat that'll get you — baked goods like pastries, danish, pies and other sweet treats can increase your insulin levels as well as your waist size, both of which can leave you with Low T and a bad taste. Consider this the next time you're tempted to treat yourself to that second doughnut.
5. Sugar
Having a sweet tooth could cause your T levels to sour. Sugar is already associated with a ton of health issues, yet according to the American Heart Association,[8] the average American male ingests about 17 teaspoons of sugar daily — nearly double the recommended limit.
Perhaps it's a little easier to reduce sugar intake if you have a better idea of what it can do to your hormones. One study documented that males 19 to 74 experienced as much as a 25 percent drop[9] in testosterone levels following sugar ingestion, with levels remaining lowered for up to two hours. Love soda and energy drinks? Researchers reported that sugar-sweetened beverages were associated with Low T levels in 59 percent of subjects.[10]
Of all the testosterone killing foods on this list, sugar is arguably the easiest and the most difficult one to eliminate from your diet.
6. Mint
Spearmint and peppermint have long been lauded as herbal remedies for stress, digestive issues and sinuses. Plus, they can really help freshen your breath. Unfortunately, some research indicates that when it comes to male hormones, mint may stink.
According to an animal study,[11] the testosterone levels of rats that were regularly given peppermint or spearmint tea declined in comparison to a control group that received drinking water. Another study found that spearmint induced oxidative stress[12] in rats, resulting in decreased testosterone.
More research needs to be done, particularly with human male subjects, before an adverse relationship is definitively established between mint and low testosterone. Until then, may we suggest you spice up your daily routine with some ginger tea? (Especially since ginger is known for boosting testosterone production.)[13]
7. Fats
We've already touched on some of these since they're key ingredients in several aforementioned testosterone killing foods, but it's worth expanding on the topic that certain fats can be disastrous for your hormones.
First, let's revisit trans fats. Though there are natural traces of trans fat in meat and dairy, you'll find an overabundance of them within processed, fried and fast foods. The list of health risks associated with those foods is vast: Cardiovascular disease, inflammation, type 2 diabetes, decreased HDL (good) cholesterol and increased LDL (bad) cholesterol, and Low T and decreased fertility.[14]
Then there are vegetable oils, which are hydrogenated to improve foods' taste, texture and shelf-life. They're also dense with polyunsaturated fats (PUFAs). Though they're often labeled as a "healthy" fat, PUFAs must be ingested within moderation. Commercial vegetable oils — which are often refined combinations of canola, coconut, corn, cottonseed, olive, palm, peanut, safflower, soybean and sunflower oils — are used in cooking so many foods, it's easy to overconsume PUFAs.
One study[15] established a strong correlation between men's low testosterone levels and their frequent consumption of polyunsaturated fats. Meanwhile, a 2019 report[16] revealed how PUFAs decreased the T levels of overweight, hypogonadal men in as little as one hour after consumption, with effects lasting up to five hours.
Last, you have your omega-6 fatty acids, which you'll find in many of those vegetable oils as well as various nuts and seeds. Omega-6 can be considered a rather healthy type of PUFA — when consumed in moderation, it can lower your bad cholesterol, improve your good cholesterol, and help reduce the risks of certain cancers and heart disease. However, they're not as healthy as omega-3 fatty acids, yet they're consumed far more in excess. And, contrary to popular belief, you can have too much of a good thing. Research supports that too much omega-6 can not only decrease testosterone production, but it can also reduce testicular size and function,[7] and increase inflammation in the body.[17]
8. Nuts
Certain nuts can wreak havoc on your hormones. Nuts have earned a great reputation for containing healthy fats and minerals, but several studies show how nuts high in polyunsaturated fatty acids[18] — including walnuts, pistachios, peanuts, pecans and almonds — can cause oxidative stress to storage tissues, which in effect can lower your T levels.
If you're someone who loves snacking on nuts, look to ones that are nutrient-dense and higher in cholesterol- and heart-friendly monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). Those include Brazil nuts, chestnuts or Macadamia nuts.
9. Flaxseed
There's no question that flaxseed offers health benefits such as improving cholesterol levels and digestive health and reducing blood pressure. Too much of it, though, can turn it into a testosterone killer.
Flaxseed is an extremely rich source of dietary lignans. Lignans are plant-based compounds that can cut down total and free T levels[19] and prevent the conversion of testosterone into something helpful; the much-needed androgen dihydrotestosterone. In one small study, 25 men diagnosed with prostate cancer adapted a low-fat diet supplemented with flaxseed, researchers observed significant declines in total and free testosterone.[20]
Additionally, flaxseed is rich with omega-3 fatty acids. Though it's preferable over omega-6, some research indicates[21] that too much omega-3 can also contribute to lowering testosterone levels.
10. Licorice root
Licorice root is different from licorice in the form you're familiar with in the candy aisle. It's often used as an herbal supplement, a tea, or a beverage sweetener. However men's hormones may not be so sweet on licorice root.
According to a small study, testosterone values in men plummeted by 26 percent[22] after consuming 7 grams of licorice root daily for one week.
Foods That Don't Actually Kill Testosterone
There are plenty of foods that won't kill men's T levels; some may even give them a much-needed boost. Then there are foods on the bubble, ones we hear may be bad for our hormones, but we're not sure yet. We've already addressed a few of these, including soy and mint. Let's tackle a few more and see if we can bust the myths that surround them.
Do bananas lower testosterone?
Nope, they raise it. We're not sure why bananas get this "bad for your testosterone" vibe. They may not be protein- or healthy fat-dense enough to warrant being their own meal, but they don't kill your sex drive or break down your muscle mass.
Quite the opposite. Bananas' chief nutrient, potassium,[23] actually promotes testosterone production and firmer erections. The fruit also contains bromelain,[24] a slow-releasing enzyme that can increase your libido; tryptophan,[25] which boosts the secretion of serotonin, a hormone that can improve your mood, brain function and sex drive; and and vitamin C,[26] which helps keep cortisol, aka the "stress hormone," at bay. And researchers say to let 'em ripen[27] if you want bananas' nutrient levels to rise.
Does rice lower testosterone?
This is a tough one to answer because it depends on the kind of rice you're eating. All rice starts out as a whole grain, but when these carbs become refined, more than half of their nutritional value is lost in the process. White rice is a great example, in that the body digests it quickly, prompting an all-too-fast release of sugar. And we all know what sugar can do to your hormones.
Does coffee lower testosterone?
Again, nope. While multiple studies of caffeine intake show several adverse effects, including heartburn or digestive problems, an increase in blood pressure, headaches and anxiety, lowering testosterone is not among them.
One 2012 study documented no significant differences in hormone levels after eight weeks. It did uncover, however, that consumption of caffeinated coffee actually increased total testosterone[30] in the study's male subjects, and decreased their total and free estradiol. A 2018 study[31] was also unable to determine any effects that caffeine intake had on men's T levels. Until conclusive evidence points to the contrary, feel free to enjoy that cup of Joe. (Just try to keep it to one or two cups a day, though.)
How Do I Boost My Testosterone?
No matter what you do, your testosterone levels decline as you age. Once you enter your thirties, that natural decline is about 1 percent every year. Aspects other than aging can play into how rapidly your testosterone drops: overall health, weight, how active you are, and any preexisting conditions. While you can't prevent aging, you can take more control over those other factors.
If your levels show significant clinical deficiencies, it's possible you may need some help in the form of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Even then, there are other steps you can take that help naturally maintain good T levels, if not even bolster them.
Eat the right foods
We've already suggested foods like ginger and bananas, and we've compiled a larger list of foods that boost your testosterone over here.
Sleep more
Research shows that men sleeping five hours or less a night can result in testosterone declines of up to 15 percent.[32] Add even an extra hour to your nightly slumber, and your T levels are likely to be a bit less cranky in the morning.
Moderate your food intake
Sometimes the problem isn't what you eat so much as how much of it you eat. Reviewing nutrition labels and following food portion serving sizes can be very effective at keeping your weight down, since being being overweight or obese[33] can factor heavily in lowered testosterone.
Two great ways to control those portion sizes is to eat protein servings that are no bigger than the size of your palm, and—this one's important—eat out less. A 2017 study showed that men eating home-cooked meals five nights a week were 28 percent less likely[34] to have an overweight body mass index.
Exercise regularly
Meditate
Low T can be associated with elevated cortisol levels and "brain fog," including reduced mental focus and clarity as well as problems with memory. Some studies show that a few minutes of transcendental meditation each day can reduce the release of cortisol[37] in your circulation, clear up that fog and improve your T levels naturally.
References:
[1] Nassan FL, Jensen TK, Priskorn L, Halldorsson TI, Chavarro JE, Jørgensen N. Association of Dietary Patterns With Testicular Function in Young Danish Men. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Feb 5;3(2):e1921610. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.21610. PMID: 32083688; PMCID: PMC7043196.
[2] Kraemer WJ, Solomon-Hill G, Volk BM, Kupchak BR, Looney DP, Dunn-Lewis C, Comstock BA, Szivak TK, Hooper DR, Flanagan SD, Maresh CM, Volek JS. The effects of soy and whey protein supplementation on acute hormonal responses to resistance exercise in men. J Am Coll Nutr. 2013;32(1):66-74. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2013.770648. PMID: 24015701.
[3] Hamilton-Reeves JM, Vazquez G, Duval SJ, Phipps WR, Kurzer MS, Messina MJ. Clinical studies show no effects of soy protein or isoflavones on reproductive hormones in men: results of a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril. 2010 Aug;94(3):997-1007. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.04.038. Epub 2009 Jun 12. PMID: 19524224.
[4] Maruyama K, Oshima T, Ohyama K. Exposure to exogenous estrogen through intake of commercial milk produced from pregnant cows. Pediatr Int. 2010 Feb;52(1):33-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-200X.2009.02890.x. Epub 2009 May 22. PMID: 19496976.
[5] Emanuele MA, Emanuele N. Alcohol and the male reproductive system. Alcohol Res Health. 2001;25(4):282-7. PMID: 11910706; PMCID: PMC6705705.
[6] Duca Y, Aversa A, Condorelli RA, Calogero AE, La Vignera S. Substance Abuse and Male Hypogonadism. J Clin Med. 2019 May 22;8(5):732. doi: 10.3390/jcm8050732. PMID: 31121993; PMCID: PMC6571549.
[7] MInguez-Alarcón L, Chavarro JE, Mendiola J, Roca M, Tanrikut C, Vioque J, Jørgensen N, Torres-Cantero AM. Fatty acid intake in relation to reproductive hormones and testicular volume among young healthy men. Asian J Androl. 2017 Mar-Apr;19(2):184-190. doi: 10.4103/1008-682X.190323. PMID: 27834316; PMCID: PMC5312216.
[8] American Heart Association: How Too Much Added Sugar Affects Your Health Infographic
[9] Caronia LM, Dwyer AA, Hayden D, Amati F, Pitteloud N, Hayes FJ. Abrupt decrease in serum testosterone levels after an oral glucose load in men: implications for screening for hypogonadism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2013 Feb;78(2):291-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04486.x. PMID: 22804876.
[10] Chen L, Xie YM, Pei JH, Kuang J, Chen HM, Chen Z, Li ZW, Fu XY, Wang L, Lai SQ, Zhang ST, Chen ZJ, Lin JX. Sugar-sweetened beverage intake and serum testosterone levels in adult males 20-39 years old in the United States. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2018 Jun 23;16(1):61. doi: 10.1186/s12958-018-0378-2. PMID: 29935533; PMCID: PMC6015465.
[11] Akdogan M, Ozguner M, Kocak A, Oncu M, Cicek E. Effects of peppermint teas on plasma testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone levels and testicular tissue in rats. Urology. 2004 Aug;64(2):394-8. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2004.03.046. PMID: 15302514.
[12] Kumar V, Kural MR, Pereira BM, Roy P. Spearmint induced hypothalamic oxidative stress and testicular anti-androgenicity in male rats - altered levels of gene expression, enzymes and hormones. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008 Dec;46(12):3563-70. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.08.027. Epub 2008 Aug 31. PMID: 18804513.
[13] Banihani SA. Ginger and Testosterone. Biomolecules. 2018 Oct 22;8(4):119. doi: 10.3390/biom8040119. PMID: 30360442; PMCID: PMC6316093.
[14] Chavarro JE, MÃnguez-Alarcón L, Mendiola J, Cutillas-TolÃn A, López-EspÃn JJ, Torres-Cantero AM. Trans fatty acid intake is inversely related to total sperm count in young healthy men. Hum Reprod. 2014 Mar;29(3):429-40. doi: 10.1093/humrep/det464. Epub 2014 Jan 12. Erratum in: Hum Reprod. 2014 Jun;29(6):1346-7. PMID: 24419496; PMCID: PMC3923511.
[15] Nagata C, Takatsuka N, Kawakami N, Shimizu H. Relationships between types of fat consumed and serum estrogen and androgen concentrations in Japanese men. Nutr Cancer. 2000;38(2):163-7. doi: 10.1207/S15327914NC382_4. PMID: 11525593.
[16] Pearce KL, Tremellen K. The Effect of Macronutrients on Reproductive Hormones in Overweight and Obese Men: A Pilot Study. Nutrients. 2019 Dec 14;11(12):3059. doi: 10.3390/nu11123059. PMID: 31847341; PMCID: PMC6950136.
[17] DiNicolantonio JJ, O'Keefe JH. Importance of maintaining a low omega-6/omega-3 ratio for reducing inflammation. Open Heart. 2018 Nov 26;5(2):e000946. doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2018-000946. PMID: 30564378; PMCID: PMC6269634.
[18] Kalgaonkar S, Almario RU, Gurusinghe D, Garamendi EM, Buchan W, Kim K, Karakas SE. Differential effects of walnuts vs almonds on improving metabolic and endocrine parameters in PCOS. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2011 Mar;65(3):386-93. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.266. Epub 2010 Dec 15. PMID: 21157477.
[19] Demark-Wahnefried W, Polascik TJ, George SL, Switzer BR, Madden JF, Ruffin MT 4th, Snyder DC, Owzar K, Hars V, Albala DM, Walther PJ, Robertson CN, Moul JW, Dunn BK, Brenner D, Minasian L, Stella P, Vollmer RT. Flaxseed supplementation (not dietary fat restriction) reduces prostate cancer proliferation rates in men presurgery. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008 Dec;17(12):3577-87. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0008. PMID: 19064574; PMCID: PMC2703189.
[20] Demark-Wahnefried W, Price DT, Polascik TJ, Robertson CN, Anderson EE, Paulson DF, Walther PJ, Gannon M, Vollmer RT. Pilot study of dietary fat restriction and flaxseed supplementation in men with prostate cancer before surgery: exploring the effects on hormonal levels, prostate-specific antigen, and histopathologic features. Urology. 2001 Jul;58(1):47-52. doi: 10.1016/s0090-4295(01)01014-7. PMID: 11445478.
[21] Nadjarzadeh A, Dehghani Firouzabadi R, Vaziri N, Daneshbodi H, Lotfi MH, Mozaffari-Khosravi H. The effect of omega-3 supplementation on androgen profile and menstrual status in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized clinical trial. Iran J Reprod Med. 2013 Aug;11(8):665-72. PMID: 24639805; PMCID: PMC3941370.
[22] Armanini D, Bonanni G, Mattarello MJ, Fiore C, Sartorato P, Palermo M. Licorice consumption and serum testosterone in healthy man. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2003 Sep;111(6):341-3. doi: 10.1055/s-2003-42724. PMID: 14520600.
[23] Sánchez-Capelo A, Cremades A, Tejada F, Fuentes T, Peñafiel R. Potassium regulates plasma testosterone and renal ornithine decarboxylase in mice. FEBS Lett. 1993 Oct 25;333(1-2):32-4. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)80369-6. PMID: 8224166.
[24] Shing CM, Chong S, Driller MW, Fell JW. Acute protease supplementation effects on muscle damage and recovery across consecutive days of cycle racing. Eur J Sport Sci. 2016;16(2):206-12. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2014.1001878. Epub 2015 Jan 21. PMID: 25604346.
[25] Hulsken S, Märtin A, Mohajeri MH, Homberg JR. Food-derived serotonergic modulators: effects on mood and cognition. Nutr Res Rev. 2013 Dec;26(2):223-34. doi: 10.1017/S0954422413000164. Epub 2013 Oct 18. PMID: 24134856.
[26] Okon UA, Utuk II. Ascorbic acid treatment elevates follicle stimulating hormone and testosterone plasma levels and enhances sperm quality in albino Wistar rats. Niger Med J. 2016 Jan-Feb;57(1):31-6. doi: 10.4103/0300-1652.180570. PMID: 27185976; PMCID: PMC4859110.
[27] Iwasawa H, Yamazaki M. Differences in biological response modifier-like activities according to the strain and maturity of bananas. Food Science and Technology Research. 2009 May;15(3):275-282. DOI: 10.3136/fstr.15.275.
[28] Qiu Y, Liu Q, Beta T. Antioxidant activity of commercial wild rice and identification of flavonoid compounds in active fractions. J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Aug 26;57(16):7543-51. doi: 10.1021/jf901074b. PMID: 19630388.
[29] Kang M, Song JH, Park SH, Lee JH, Park HW, Kim TW. Effects of Brown Rice Extract Treated with Lactobacillus sakei Wikim001 on Osteoblast Differentiation and Osteoclast Formation. Prev Nutr Food Sci. 2014 Dec;19(4):353-7. doi: 10.3746/pnf.2014.19.4.353. Epub 2014 Dec 31. PMID: 25580402; PMCID: PMC4287330.
[30] Wedick NM, Mantzoros CS, Ding EL, Brennan AM, Rosner B, Rimm EB, Hu FB, van Dam RM. The effects of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee on sex hormone-binding globulin and endogenous sex hormone levels: a randomized controlled trial. Nutr J. 2012 Oct 19;11:86. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-11-86. PMID: 23078574; PMCID: PMC3502342.
[31] Lopez DS, Advani S, Qiu X, Tsilidis KK, Khera M, Kim J, Canfield S. Caffeine intake is not associated with serum testosterone levels in adult men: cross-sectional findings from the NHANES 1999-2004 and 2011-2012. Aging Male. 2019 Mar;22(1):45-54. doi: 10.1080/13685538.2018.1465912. Epub 2018 Apr 25. PMID: 29692226.
[32] Leproult R, Van Cauter E. Effect of 1 week of sleep restriction on testosterone levels in young healthy men. JAMA. 2011 Jun 1;305(21):2173-4. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.710. PMID: 21632481; PMCID: PMC4445839.
[33] Fui MN, Dupuis P, Grossmann M. Lowered testosterone in male obesity: mechanisms, morbidity and management. Asian J Androl. 2014 Mar-Apr;16(2):223-31. doi: 10.4103/1008-682X.122365. PMID: 24407187; PMCID: PMC3955331.
[34] Mills S, Brown H, Wrieden W, White M, Adams J. Frequency of eating home cooked meals and potential benefits for diet and health: cross-sectional analysis of a population-based cohort study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2017 Aug 17;14(1):109. doi: 10.1186/s12966-017-0567-y. PMID: 28818089; PMCID: PMC5561571.
[35] Ari Z, Kutlu N, Uyanik BS, Taneli F, Buyukyazi G, Tavli T. Serum testosterone, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor-1 levels, mental reaction time, and maximal aerobic exercise in sedentary and long-term physically trained elderly males. Int J Neurosci. 2004 May;114(5):623-37. doi: 10.1080/00207450490430499. PMID: 15204068.
[36] Sharma A, Madaan V, Petty FD. Exercise for mental health. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;8(2):106. doi: 10.4088/pcc.v08n0208a. PMID: 16862239; PMCID: PMC1470658.
[37] MacLean CRK, Walton KG, Wenneberg SR, Levitsky DK, Mandarino JP, Waziri R, Hillis SL, Schneider RH. Effects of the transcendental meditation program on adaptive mechanisms: Changes in hormone levels and responses to stress after 4 months of practice. Psychoneuroendocrinology, Volume 22, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 277-295. ISSN 0306-4530. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4530(97)00003-6.
Men's Health
Testosterone
HRT
Hormones
Nutrition
Will One Beer A Day Kill Testosterone
Source: https://www.honehealth.com/the-edge/foods-that-lower-testosterone
